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The history of Kiev, the largest city and the capital of Ukraine, is documented as going back at least 1,400 years. According to legend, Kiev was founded by three brothers, Kyi, Shchek and Khoryv, and their sister Lybid. Kiev is named after Kyi, the eldest brother. The exact century of city foundation has not been determined. Legend has it that the emergence of a great city on the future location of Kiev was prophesied by St. Andrew (d. AD 60/70) fascinated by the spectacular location on the hilly shores of the Dnieper River. The city is thought to have existed as early as the 6th century, initially as a Slavic settlement. Gradually acquiring eminence as the center of the East Slavic civilization, Kiev reached its Golden Age as the center Kievan Rus' in the 10th–12th centuries. Its political, but not cultural, importance started to decline somewhat when it was completely destroyed during the Mongol invasion in 1240. In the following centuries Kiev was a provincial capital of marginal importance in the outskirts of the territories controlled by its powerful neighbors: the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Grand Duchy of Moscow, later the Russian Empire. A Christian city since 988, it still played an important role in preserving the traditions of Orthodox Christianity, especially at times of domination by Catholic Poland, and later the atheist Soviet Union. The city prospered again during the Russian industrial revolution in the late 19th century. In the turbulent period following the Russian Revolution Kiev, caught in the middle of several conflicts, quickly went through becoming the capital of several short-lived Ukrainian states. From 1921 the city was part of the Soviet Union, since 1934 as a capital of Soviet Ukraine. In World War II, the city was destroyed again, almost completely, but quickly recovered in the post-war years becoming the third most important city of the Soviet Union, the capital of the second most populous Soviet republic. It now remains the capital of Ukraine, independent since 1991 following the dissolution of the Soviet Union. ==Kievan Rus' to Mongol Invasion== According to a legend, Kiev was founded in the 5th century by East Slavs. The legend of Kyi, Shchek and Khoryv speaks of a founder-family consisting of a Slavic tribal leader ''Kyi'', the eldest, his brothers Schek and Khoriv, and also their sister Lybid, who founded the city. Kiev (''Kyiv'', Київ, in Ukrainian) is translated as "belonging to Kyi". The non-legendary time of the founding of the city is harder to ascertain. Slavic settlement existed in the area from the end of 5th century, that later developed into the city.〔Tolochko P. P., Ivakin G. Y., Vermenych Y.V. Kyiv. in ''Encyclopedia of Ukrainian History'' (Енциклопедія історії України). — Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, 2007. — vol. 4. — P. 201-218.〕 Some western historians (i.e. Kevin Alan Brook) speculate that Kiev was founded by Khazars or Magyars. Brook assumes that Kiev is a Turkic place name (''Küi'' = riverbank + ''ev'' = settlement).〔(Brook, Kevin Alan (1996-2009). ''An Introduction to the History of Khazaria'' )〕 However, the Primary Chronicle (a main source of information about the early history of the area) mentions Slavic Kievans telling Askold and Dir that they live without a local ruler and pay a tribute to Khazars in an event attributed to the 9th century. Brook believes that during the 8th and 9th centuries Kiev functioned as an outpost of the Khazar empire. A hill-fortress, called Sambat (Old Turkic for "high place") was built to defend the area.〔Brook, Kevin Alan, ''Jews of Khazaria'', 1999〕 According to the ''Hustyn Chronicle'' ((ウクライナ語:Густинський літопис), ''Hustyns'kyi litopys''), Askold and Dir (Haskuldr and Dyri) ruled Rus' Khaganate at least in 842.〔Suszko, Henryk (2003). ''Latopis hustyński. Opracowanie, przekład i komentarze''. Slavica Wratislaviensia CXXIV. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego. ISBN 83-229-2412-7; Tolochko, Oleksiy (2010). ''The Hustyn' Chronicle''. (Harvard Library of Early Ukrainian Literature: Texts). ISBN 978-1-932650-03-7〕 They were Varangian princes, probably of Swedish origin, not the Rurikids. According to the Annals of St. Bertin (Annales Bertiniani) for the year 839, Louis the Pious, the Frankish emperor, came to the conclusion that the people called Rhos (''qui se, id est gentem suum, Rhos vocari dicebant'') belong to the gens of Swedes (''eos gentis esse Sueonum''). According to the ''Primary Chronicle'', Oleg of Novgorod (Helgi of Holmgard) conquered Kiev in 882. He was a descendant of Rurik, a Varangian pagan chieftain.〔(DNA Testing of the Rurikid and Gediminid Princes )〕 The date given for Oleg's conquest of the town in the ''Primary Chronicle'' is uncertain, and some historians, such as Omeljan Pritsak and Constantine Zuckerman, dispute this and maintain that Khazar rule continued as late as the 920s (documentary evidence exists to support this assertion — see the ''Kievian Letter'' and ''Schechter Letter). From Oleg's seizure of the city until 1169 Kiev was the capital of Kievan Rus' which was initially ruled by the Varangian Rurikid dynasty which was gradually Slavisized. The Kievan Grand Princes had traditional primacy over the other rulers of the land and the Kiev princehood was a valuable prize in the intra-dynastic rivalry. In 968 the city withstood a siege by the nomadic Pechenegs. In 988 by the order of the Grand Prince Vladimir I of Kiev (St. Vladimir or Volodymyr), the city residents baptized en-masse in the Dnieper river, an event the symbolized that Baptism of Kievan Rus'. Kiev reached the height of its position of political and cultural Golden Age in the middle of the 11th century under Vladimir's son Yaroslav the Wise. In 1051, prince Yaroslav assembled the bishops at St. Sophia Cathedral and appointed Hilarion, the first native of the Kievan Rus', as metropolitan bishop, that the decision reflects an anti-Byzantine bias. In 1054, the Kievan Church did not take note of the fact that the East–West Schism began, maintaining very good relations with Rome (i.e. prince Iziaslav I of Kiev's request to Pope Gregory VII to extend to Kievan Rus' "the patronage of St. Peter", fulfilled by the pope by sending Iziaslav a crown from Rome in 1075).〔(Catherine Evtuhov, Stephen Kotkin, ''The Cultural Gradient: The Transmission of Ideas in Europe, 1789–1991''. p.40. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc., Lanham, Maryland, 2003. ISBN 0-7425-2063-3 )〕 Following the fragmentation of the Kievan Rus', the Principality of Kiev emerged. The following years were marked by the rivalries of the competing princes of the dynasty and weakening of Kiev's political influence, although Kiev temporarily prevailed after the defeat of the Polotsk at the Battle on the river Nemiga (1067) that also led to the burning of Minsk. In 1146, the next Ruthenian bishop, Klym Smoliatych (Kliment of Smolensk), was appointed to serve as the Metropolitan of Kiev. In 1169 Andrei of Suzdal sent an army against Mstislav Iziaslavich and Kiev. Led by one of his sons, it consisted of the forces of eleven other princes, representing all three of the main branches of the dynasty against the fourth, Iziaslavichi of Volynia. The allies were victorious.〔(Medieval Russia: 980-1584 By Janet Martin )〕 The sack of Kiev allowed the Principality of Vladimir-Suzdal to take a leading role as the predecessor of the modern Russian state. In 1203 Kiev was captured and burned by Prince Rurik Rostislavich. In the 1230s the city was sieged and ravaged by different Rus' princes several times. Finally, the Mongol-Tatar forces led by Batu Khan besieged, and then completely destroyed Kiev on December 6, 1240. The Mongols had originally planned to take Kiev unharmed, but upon arrival the garrison threw down the bodies of the Mongol diplomats sent to urge them to surrender. In revenge the Mongols broke down the gates and slaughtered much of the population, then razed the city. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「History of Kiev」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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